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Barron
Barron and Madison locations
Madison

Normal Ranges in the Toxicology Unit of the WVDL

From "Mineral Levels in Animal Health" and Vitamin Levels in Animal Health", Puls, Sherpa, Clearbrook, BC, 1994 Unless specified, tissue data is in ug/g wet weight and fluid data is in ug/mL.

Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal Normal High Toxic Comment
Aluminum Liver Bovine - - < 1-5 - 6.3-11
Ammonia Blood Bovine - - - - 20-40
Ammonia Rumen Bovine - - - - > 800 Rumen ammonia levels continue to rise 20 to 50 mg/dL (200 - 500 ug/gm) after death due to bacterial action and autolysis in the rumen. Thus, rumen contents should be frozen in a sealed impervious container for shipment.
Arsenic Kidney Bovine - - 0.018-0.40 - 3.5-53
Arsenic Kidney Canine - - <0.4 0.5-1 >10
Arsenic Kidney Cervid - - <0.5 -
Arsenic Liver Avian - - 0.01-0.25 - 5-10
Arsenic Liver Bovine - - 0.004-0.4 1-5 2-100
Arsenic Liver Canine - - <0.3 0.5-1 >10
Arsenic Liver Cervid - - <0.5 - -
Arsenic Liver Equine - - <0.4 1-5 7-15
Arsenic Liver Lapine - - 1-2.5 - 5.1-28
Arsenic Liver Ovine - - 0.01-0.3 1-8 10-50
Arsenic Liver Porcine - - 0.003-0.2 - 6.3-28
Boron Liver Bovine - - 0.5-6 - 85-180
Calcium Kidney Bovine <40 - 45-200 - 200-1350
Calcium Kidney Canine - - 50-200 - 500-< 23,000
Calcium Kidney Poultry - - 170-600 - -
Calcium Liver Bovine 40 - 30-200 - 40-1080
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Avian - - 0.02-0.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Bovine - - 1.1-3.8 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Canine - - 0.7-2.1 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Caprine - - 0.95 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Equine - - 1.3-2.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Feline - - 0.7-2.2 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Ferret - - 1.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Monkey - - 4.2-7.4 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Ovine - - 0.9-1.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Porcine - - 0.8-2.1 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Primate - - 1.9-2.2 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Blood Ursine - - 1.5 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American black duck (Anas rubripes) - - 6-10 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American coot (Fulica americana) - - 15-21 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) - - 13-27 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American kestrel (Falco sparverius) - - 21-33 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American robin (Turdus migratorius) - - 15-21 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain American wigeon (Anas americana) - - 7-13 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) - - 12-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) - - 9-15 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Black vulture (Coragyps atratus) - - 16-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) - - 12-16 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Blue jay - - 26-34 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Bovine - - 2.1-5.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Brant (Branta bernicla) - - 9-19 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) - - 7-13 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) - - 12-30 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain California gull (Larus californicus) - - 14-26 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Camelid - - 4.8 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Canada goose (Branta canadensis) - - 9-17 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Canine - - 2.9-5.1 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) - - 7-11 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Caprine - - 7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cardinal - - 36 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Catbird - - 38 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) - - 15-29 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cervid - - 5.1 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Chickadee - - 36 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common barn owl (Tyto alba) - - 13-27 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common flicker - - 13-24 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) - - 14-26 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) - - 17-31 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) - - 12-38 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Dunlin (Calidris alpina) - - 8-23 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eagle - - 12-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern bluebird adult - - 35-37 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern bluebird nestling - - 56 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern screech owl (Otus asio) - - 14-24 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Equine - - 3.2-8.9 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Evening grosbeek - - 30 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Feline - - 2.4-6.1 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Gadwall (Anas strepera) - - 10-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) - - 7-21 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Goldfinch - - 26-27 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) - - 11-21 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Hawk - - 12-26 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Hering gull (Larus argentatus) - - 17-29 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain House finch - - 17-27 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain House sparrow (Passer domesticus) - - 11-29 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Lapine - - 11-16 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Laughing gull (Larus atricilla) - - 8-24 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) - - 15-29 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Llama - - 3.7-4.4 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Loggerhead shrike - - 36 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) - - 9-15 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mockingbird - - 29 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) - - 14-18 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Muscovy duck - - 20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) - - 10-16 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ovine - - 7-8 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Peregrine falcon - - 12-25 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Porcine - - 3.6-7.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ratite - - 11-17 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Redhead (Aythya americana) - - 7-13 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Redpoll - - 18 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) - - 12-26 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) - - 14-28 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) - - 12-24 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) - - 12-16 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) - - 18-22 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) - - 9-13 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) - - 14-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus) - - 18-24 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus) - - 17-27 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Snow goose (Chen caerulescens) - - 11-25 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Squirrel - - 13-30 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) - - 18-26 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus) - - 14-20 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ursine - - 2.3-6.7 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain White-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica) - - 17-25 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Willet (Catoptrophorus smipalmatus) - - 9-19 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Yellow-bellied sapsucker - - 33-35 - -
Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Retina Bovine - - 16-23 - -
Cobalt Serum Bovine 0.09 - 0.15 0.2-1.5 0.4
Cobalt Serum Porcine - - 0.17-0.6 1-1.2 1.2-1.7
Copper Kidney Avian 0.1-2 - 3-4.8 - 4.5-8
Copper Kidney Bovine 1-5 3-5.5 4-6 5-7 10-120
Copper Kidney Camelid - - 3-5 - -
Copper Kidney Canine < 5 - 5-15 - > 20
Copper Kidney Cervid - - 7-20 - -
Copper Kidney Equine < 4 - 7.3-9.3 - 30-40
Copper Kidney Feline 2.0-2.3 - 2.2-2.7 - -
Copper Kidney Lapine 1.8-3.3 2.5-3.8 4-6 >7.6 -
Copper Kidney Mustaline - - 4-6 - -
Copper Kidney Ovine 3-4 4-5 4-5.5 4-10 18-260
Copper Kidney Porcine 2-4 4-7 7-10 12-25 30-1200
Copper Liver Avian 0.3-2 3-15 25-300 275-800
Copper Liver Bovine 0.5-10 5-25 25-100 200-550 250-800
Copper Liver Camelid - - 30-100 - -
Copper Liver Canine < 20 - 30-100 250-400 400-3000
Copper Liver Caprine 0.4-10 15-25 25-150 180-250 230-2000
Copper Liver Cervid 1-5 10-20 25-100 >150 -
Copper Liver Equine < 3.5 - 4-7.5 1000-1500 -
Copper Liver Feline 8-24 - 37-45 - -
Copper Liver Lapine < 3 4-10 8-50 - -
Copper Liver Mustaline 0.8-5 - 5-84 100-220 -
Copper Liver Ovine 0.5-4 5-20 25-100 100-500 250-1000
Copper Liver Porcine 0.3-1 4-7 5-25 15-200 150-15000
Copper Serum Avian 0.04 - 0.08-0.28 - 0.22-0.38
Copper Serum Bovine 0.1-1 0.55-1.2 0.8-1.5 2.5-4 4-11 If cattle are receiving a selenium suppliment, deficient 0.1-1.2, adequate 0.32-1.2, high 0.5-2.5, toxic 0.6-10
Copper Serum Camelid - - 0.4-1 - -
Copper Serum Canine < 0.2 - 0.2-0.8 - -
Copper Serum Caprine 0.04-0.4 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2 0.9-1.8 1.2-7.5
Copper Serum Cervid - - 0.6-1.2 - -
Copper Serum Equine 0.06-0.8 - 0.85-2 - -
Copper Serum Feline 0.4-0.5 - 0.6-1.4 - -
Copper Serum Lapine - - 2-2.4 - -
Copper Serum Llama 0.12-0.57 - 0.4-0.9 - 2-5.7
Copper Serum Mustaline - - 0.54 0.6-0.8 -
Copper Serum Ovine 0.1-1 0.4-1 0.7-2 1-5 3.3-20
Copper Serum Porcine 0.09-0.4 0.4-1.5 1.3-3 1.7-3 4.5-77
Copper (dry weight) Feed Bovine - - 10-25 - - Dry Weight. 15 ug/g prevents drop in maternal liver levels at parturation Cu:Mo ratio minimum 3:1, 6-10:1 ideal.
Copper (dry weight) Feed Ovine - - 5-10 - - 10-20 mg/ewe/day. If Mo 0.05-1.0 ug/g, Cu:Mo ratio should be 2-20:1
IgG (mg/dL) Serum Bovine < 800 800-1600 > 1600 - -
IgG (mg/dL) Serum Equine < 200 200-800 < 800 - -
Iron Liver Avian 30-35 35-40 60-300 300-2000 > 8000
Iron Liver Bovine < 30 - 45-300 53-700 900-1700
Iron Liver Canine 20-60 - 100-300 500-1125 -
Iron Liver Equine 40-60 - 100-300 - 600-1000
Iron Serum Bovine 0.15-1.3 - 1.3-2.5 4-6 18-25
Iron Serum Canine < 0.95 - 0.94-1.22 - > 2
Iron Serum Caprine - - 1.1-2.3 - - Kids are born with low Fe reserves in the liver and receive little from milk.
Iron Serum Cervid - - 1.5-2.8 - -
Iron Serum Equine < 0.73 - 0.84-2.6 - 4.3-24
Iron Serum Feline - - 0.68-2.2 - -
Iron Serum Ovine < 1.6 - 1.7-2.2 - -
Iron Serum Porcine < 0.8 - 1-1.5 - -
Lead Blood Avian - - 0.02-0.2 > 0.6 1-30
Lead Blood Bovine - - 0.01-0.2 0.3-0.4 0.35-32
Lead Blood Canine - - 0.01-0.1 0.3-0.8 0.6-7.4
Lead Blood Caprine - - < 0.2 0.5-0.9 > 0.9 Goats are more resistant to lead toxicity than cattle.
Lead Blood Equine - - 0.04-0.25 0.3-0.6 0.33-2.5
Lead Blood Feline - - < 0.1 0.7 > 1
Lead Blood Lapine - - 0.02-0.3 0.3-1.4 -
Lead Blood Ovine - - 0.02-0.25 0.7-0.9 1-5
Lead Blood Porcine - - 0.04-0.1 0.3-3 > 1.2
Lead Brain Bovine - - 0.05-0.1 0.3-0.9 0.7-1.4
Lead Kidney Avian - - 0.1-1 1-12 8-1600
Lead Kidney Bovine - - 0.2-2 3-20 5-700
Lead Kidney Canine - - 0.1-2.5 5-10 10-50
Lead Kidney Caprine - - 0.5-1 3-5 > 10 Goats are more resistant to lead toxicity than cattle.
Lead Kidney Equine - - 0.03-1.3 3-5 5-200
Lead Kidney Feline - - < 1 - -
Lead Kidney Lapine - - 0.1-1 - > 10
Lead Kidney Ovine - - 0.1-0.8 5-100 5-200
Lead Kidney Porcine - - < 0.7 5-25 -
Lead Liver Avian - - 0.1-0.5 1-10 6-140
Lead Liver Bovine - - 0.1-1 2-10 5-300
Lead Liver Canine - - 0.1-3.5 3.6-5 50-200
Lead Liver Caprine - - 0.5-1 3-5 > 10 Goats are more resistant to lead toxicity than cattle.
Lead Liver Equine - - 0.08-1.4 3-5 4-500
Lead Liver Feline - - < 1 - 10-73
Lead Liver Lapine - - 0.2-0.6 3-5.7 > 10
Lead Liver Mammals - - < 1 2-5 > 5
Lead Liver Ovine - - 0.03-0.8 5-25 10-100
Lead Liver Porcine - - < 0.7 5-25 -
Magnesium Liver Bovine 40-200 - 100-250 140-250 -
Manganese Liver Bovine < 1 1.5-3 2.5-6 4-23 -
Manganese Liver Equine < 0.5 - 1-6 - -
Methemoglobin (%) Blood Mammals 60 30 < 5 - -
Molybdenum Serum Bovine - - 0.01-0.1 0.08-10 - Toxic ranges are applicable only if copper is low.
Phosphorus Liver Bovine - - 2000-4000 - -
Potassium Liver Bovine - - 1400-4000 - -
Selenium Blood Avian 0.02-0.08 0.08-0.13 0.13-0.2 - -
Selenium Blood Bovine 0.004-0.08 0.06-0.16 0.2-1.2 10-14 14-16
Selenium Blood Canine - - 0.22 - -
Selenium Blood Cervid 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.05 0.1-0.18 - -
Selenium Blood Equine 0.096-0.16 - 0.17-0.25 - 1.1-6.36
Selenium Blood Feline - - 1.7-2.5 9.1-20 -
Selenium Blood Lapine - - 0.11-0.35 - 5
Selenium Blood Llama - - 0.099-0.25 - -
Selenium Blood Ovine 0.003-0.04 0.04-0.08 0.15-0.5 - 1-4
Selenium Blood Porcine < 0.1 - 0.2-0.35 - -
Selenium Kidney Avian 0.1-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-1.2 1.5-5.2 -
Selenium Kidney Bovine 0.18-0.4 0.4-1 1-1.5 2-2.5 2.5-8
Selenium Kidney Camelid - - 0.58-1.04 - -
Selenium Kidney Canine - - 1-1.5 - -
Selenium Kidney Equine 0.14-1.1 0.35 0.7-2 - > 2
Selenium Kidney Feline - - 0.77-1.1 4.2-9.4 -
Selenium Kidney Lapine < 0.4 0.6-0.8 1-2 - 12
Selenium Kidney Ovine 0.05-0.6 0.7-1.1 0.9-3 4-6 6-15
Selenium Kidney Porcine 0.4-0.77 0.7-1.1 1.5-2.9 3-18 3.8-90
Selenium Liver Avian 0.05-0.25 0.25-0.35 0.35-1 2-6 4-23
Selenium Liver Bovine 0.02-0.17 0.12-0.25 0.25-0.5 0.75-1.25 1.25-47
Selenium Liver Camelid - - 0.25--0.82 - -
Selenium Liver Canine 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-1.5 - -
Selenium Liver Caprine 0.01-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.25-1.2 - -
Selenium Liver Cervid - - 0.25-1.4 - -
Selenium Liver Equine 0.14-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-1 - 2.5-10
Selenium Liver Feline - - 0.26-0.54 2-4.6 -
Selenium Liver Lapine < 0.4 0.6-1 1-2 - 7
Selenium Liver Ovine 0.01-0.1 0.15-0.25 0.25-1.5 2-10 15-30
Selenium Liver Porcine 0.03-0.1 0.12-0.25 0.4-1.2 1.5-12 3-120
Selenium Milk Bovine 0.002-0.005 0.011-0.018 0.03-0.05 0.07-1.2 > 0.08
Selenium Milk Caprine < 0.09 - 0.013-0.25 - -
Selenium Milk Ovine 0.002-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.025-0.25 - -
Selenium Muscle Bovine 0.01-0.05 0.05-0.07 0.07-0.15 0.25-0.5 0.08-1.5
Selenium Muscle Cervid 0.05-0.26 - 0.25-0.49 - -
Selenium Muscle Ovine - 0.9-1.2 1-1.3 1.1-1.6 -
Selenium Serum Avian 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.15 - -
Selenium Serum Bovine 0.002-0.02 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.3 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.1
Selenium Serum Camelid - - 0.12-0.2 - -
Selenium Serum Caprine < 0.05 0.05-0.08 0.08-0.2 - -
Selenium Serum Cervid - - 0.053-0.093 - -
Selenium Serum Equine 0.008-0.053 0.053-0.12 0.14-0.25 0.35-1 1.4-2
Selenium Serum Lapine - - 0.074-0.1 - -
Selenium Serum Llama - - 0.08-0.27 - -
Selenium Serum Ovine 0.006-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.5 - > 3
Selenium Serum Porcine 0.005-0.06 0.06-0.1 0.14-0.3 0.4-0.8 0.5-2.4
Sodium Liver Bovine < 800 - 900-1800 > 2000 -
Taurine (nmol/L) Blood Canine < 150 - 200-350 - -
Taurine (nmol/L) Blood Feline < 200 - 300-600 - -
Taurine (nmol/L) Serum Canine < 40 - 60-120 - -
Taurine (nmol/L) Serum Feline < 40 - 60-120 - -
Vitamin A Liver Chicken 1.5-30 - 60-300 - -
Vitamin A Serum Avian - - 0.3-0.8 - -
Vitamin A Serum Bovine - - 0.25-0.8 - -
Vitamin A Serum Canine - - 0.3-4.5 - -
Vitamin A Serum Caprine - - 0.2-0.4 - -
Vitamin A Serum Chicken 0.1-0.25 - 0.3-0.8 - >0.8
Vitamin A Serum Elk (Wapiti) - - 0.2-0.4 - -
Vitamin A Serum Equine - - 0.2-0.35 - -
Vitamin A Serum Fallow Deer - - 0.16 - -
Vitamin A Serum Feline - - 0.2-1.6 - -
Vitamin A Serum Lapine - - 0.46 - -
Vitamin A Serum Llama - - 0.45-1 - -
Vitamin A Serum Moose - - 0.27-0.32 - -
Vitamin A Serum Mule Deer - - 0.19-0.52 - -
Vitamin A Serum Mustaline - - 0.35-0.45 - -
Vitamin A Serum Ovine - - 0.3-0.6 - -
Vitamin A Serum Pere David Deer - - 0.11-0.14 - -
Vitamin A Serum Porcine - - 0.05-0.4 - -
Vitamin A Serum Red Deer - - 0.23-0.28 - -
Vitamin A Serum Reindeer (Caribou) - - 0.2-0.45 - -
Vitamin A Serum Turkey - - 0.8-1.7 - -
Vitamin A Serum White Tailed Deer - - 0.13-0.44 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Bovine - - 400-700 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Caprine - - 300-500 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Equine - - 200-500 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Lapine <5 - 50-250 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Ovine - - 500-1000 - -
Vitamin A (dry basis) Liver Porcine - - 200-1000 - -
Vitamin D (nmol/L) Serum Bovine - - 50-165 - -
Vitamin E Liver Chicken 0.7-6 - 15-40 65-90 150-380
Vitamin E Liver Duck 0.2-2 - 4-25 - -
Vitamin E Liver Turkey 0.5-10 - 10-24 50-60 -
Vitamin E Serum Avian - - 1-14 - -
Vitamin E Serum Bovine - - 3-10 - -
Vitamin E Serum Canine - - 5-40 - -
Vitamin E Serum Caprine - - 0.7-1.25 - -
Vitamin E Serum Chicken - - 1-3.5 60-80 > 200
Vitamin E Serum Duck < 1.7 - - - -
Vitamin E Serum Elk (Wapiti) - - 1-2.2 - -
Vitamin E Serum Equine - - 2-5 - -
Vitamin E Serum Fallow Deer - - 0.98 - -
Vitamin E Serum Feline - - 8-20 - -
Vitamin E Serum Llama - - 1.5-6 - -
Vitamin E Serum Moose - - 0.7-1.2 - -
Vitamin E Serum Mule Deer - - 1.6-5.4 - -
Vitamin E Serum Mustaline - - 7-20 - -
Vitamin E Serum Ovine - - 1.5-4 - -
Vitamin E Serum Pere David Deer - - 1.3-1.7 - -
Vitamin E Serum Porcine - - 1.8-3 - -
Vitamin E Serum Quail < 1.7 - 3-14 - -
Vitamin E Serum Red Deer - - 0.65-2 - -
Vitamin E Serum Reindeer (Caribou) - - 2-6 - -
Vitamin E Serum Turkey - - 3-11 35-50 -
Vitamin E (dry basis) Liver Bovine - - 14-30 - -
Vitamin E (dry basis) Liver Caprine - - 10-20 - -
Vitamin E (dry basis) Liver Equine - - 15-25 - -
Vitamin E (dry basis) Liver Ovine - - 15-25 - -
Vitamin E (dry basis) Liver Porcine - - 15-40 - -
Zinc Kidney Avian 17-22 - 22-32 120 300-800
Zinc Kidney Bovine 16-20 - 18-25 50-140 130-480
Zinc Kidney Camelid - - 11-25 - -
Zinc Kidney Canine < 8 - 16-30 - 300
Zinc Kidney Caprine 10-25 - 15-30 - -
Zinc Kidney Equine - - 20-50 65-150 300-580
Zinc Kidney Lapine 20 - 10-30 - -
Zinc Kidney Mustaline - - 18-20 - -
Zinc Kidney Ovine 15-30 - 20-40 50-1000 240-1600
Zinc Kidney Porcine - - 15-30 190-370
Zinc Liver Avian 18-40 20-40 25-40 90-300 200-700
Zinc Liver Bovine < 20-40 25-40 25-100 300-500 120-500
Zinc Liver Camelid - - 20-90 - -
Zinc Liver Canine < 15 - 30-70 - 370
Zinc Liver Caprine 20-40 - 25-120 - -
Zinc Liver Cervid - - 30-110 - -
Zinc Liver Equine - - 40-125 160-500 1300-1900
Zinc Liver Lapine 55 - 30-80 -
Zinc Liver Mustaline - - 25-100 200 -
Zinc Liver Ovine 20-30 - 30-75 100-400 > 400
Zinc Liver Porcine 9.6-25 25-35 40-90 > 200 500-3100
Zinc Serum Avian < 0.6 0.8-1.5 1.8-3.4 - -
Zinc Serum Bovine 0.2-0.4 0.5-0.6 0.8-1.4 2-5 3-15
Zinc Serum Camelid - - 0.33-1.57 - -
Zinc Serum Canine 0.2-2 - 0.7-2 - 10-32
Zinc Serum Caprine - - 0.65-2.7 - -
Zinc Serum Cervid - - 0.5-1 - -
Zinc Serum Equine < 0.5 - 0.6-1.7 1.6-3.5 1-3.5
Zinc Serum Lapine - - 1.7-2.1 - -
Zinc Serum Llama - - 0.33-1.57 - -
Zinc Serum Ovine 0.22-0.45 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2 4-5 30-50
Zinc Serum Porcine 0.18-0.25 0.4-0.8 0.7-1.5 - 1.4-2.8


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Lab Locations